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002: Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization (Volume 2: The Archaeological and Documentary Evidence)

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Winner of the American Book Award, 1990.

This volume is the second one in a projected four-part series concerned with the competition between two historical models for the origins of Greek civilization. The model current today is the Aryan Model, according to which Greek culture arose as the results of the conquest from the north by Indo-European speakers or “Aryans” of the native “pre-Hellenes.” The Ancient Model, which was once the model maintained in Classical Greece, held that the native population of Greece had to start with been civilized by Egyptian and Phoenician colonists and that more Near Eastern culture had been introduced to Greece by Greeks studying in Egypt and Southwest Asia. In these and later volumes, Martin Bernal proposes a Revised Ancient Model. According to this, the Indo-European aspects of Greek language and culture must be recognized as fundamental and the considerable non-Indo-European elements must be seen in large part as Egyptian and Levantine additions to this basis.

Volume II is concerned with the archaeological and documentary evidence for contacts between Egypt and the Levant on the one hand and the Aegean on the other, throughout the Bronze Age from c. 3400 B.C. to c. 1100 B.C. These approaches are supplemented by information from later Greek myths, legends, religious cults, and language. The writer concludes that contact between the two regions was once far more extensive and influential than is usually believed. In the introduction to this volume, Bernal also responds to a few reviews and criticisms of Volume I of Black Athena.

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