A Short History of Modern Angola

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This history by celebrated Africanist David Birmingham begins in 1820 with the Portuguese try to create a third, African, empire after the virtual lack of Asia and The us. In the nineteenth century essentially the most valuable resource extracted from Angola was once agricultural labor, first as privately owned slaves and later as conscript workers. The colony was once managed by a few marine officers, by several hundred white political convicts, and by a few thousand black Angolans who had adopted Portuguese language and culture. The hub was once the harbor city of Luanda which grew in the twentieth century to be a dynamic metropolis of several million people. The export of labor was once regularly replaced when an agrarian revolution enabled white Portuguese immigrants to drive black Angolan laborers to produce sugar cane, cotton, maize and above all coffee.
During the twentieth century Congo copper supplemented this wealth, by gem-quality diamonds, and by offshore oil. Even supposing much of the countryside retained its dollar-a-day peasant economy, new wealth generated conflict which pitted white against black, north against south, coast against highland, American allies against Russian allies. The generation of warfare in any case ended in 2002 when national reconstruction could begin on Portuguese colonial foundations.

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