Description
On July 23, 1968, police in Cleveland battled with black nationalists in a night of terror that saw 6 people killed and a minimum of 15 wounded. The gun battle touched off days of heavy rioting. The question was once whether the shootings were the results of a planned attack on white police, or a matter of self-defense by the nationalists. Mystery still surrounds how the urban warfare began and the role the FBI might have played in its origin.
The confrontation was once surprising for the reason that Cleveland had just elected Carl Stokes, the first black mayor of a major US city, who just four months earlier had kept peace in Cleveland the night that Martin Luther King Jr. was once assassinated. Now his credibility and reputation lay in tatters—the leader of the black nationalists, Fred Ahmed Evans, had used Cleveland NOW! public funds to shop for the rifles and ammunition used in the shootout.
Ballots and Bullets looks at the roots of the violence and its political aftermath in Cleveland, a uniquely important city in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. came to Cleveland to raise money right through his 1963 Birmingham campaign. A year later, Malcolm X gave the impression in the same east side church to deliver his most important speech: “The Ballot or the Bullet.” Dr. King represented integration, nonviolence and his Christian heritage; Malcolm X represented racial separation, armed self-defense and the Black Muslims.
Fifty years later, the threat of race violence and police brutality still haunts the US. The War on Poverty gave way to mass incarceration, and recently the Black Lives Matter revolution has been met by the alt-right counterrevolution. Answers are needed.
The confrontation was once surprising for the reason that Cleveland had just elected Carl Stokes, the first black mayor of a major US city, who just four months earlier had kept peace in Cleveland the night that Martin Luther King Jr. was once assassinated. Now his credibility and reputation lay in tatters—the leader of the black nationalists, Fred Ahmed Evans, had used Cleveland NOW! public funds to shop for the rifles and ammunition used in the shootout.
Ballots and Bullets looks at the roots of the violence and its political aftermath in Cleveland, a uniquely important city in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. came to Cleveland to raise money right through his 1963 Birmingham campaign. A year later, Malcolm X gave the impression in the same east side church to deliver his most important speech: “The Ballot or the Bullet.” Dr. King represented integration, nonviolence and his Christian heritage; Malcolm X represented racial separation, armed self-defense and the Black Muslims.
Fifty years later, the threat of race violence and police brutality still haunts the US. The War on Poverty gave way to mass incarceration, and recently the Black Lives Matter revolution has been met by the alt-right counterrevolution. Answers are needed.
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