Bolivia History: Conquest and Settlement, Independence from Spain, 1809-39, War of the Pacific, The Society and Its Environment, Economy, Government, Politics, Tourism

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The history of the republic of Bolivia reflects both its pre-Columbian and its colonial heritage. Bolivia culture, Bolivia people, Bolivia government and politics, Bolivia investment. The ruins of Tiahuanaco testify to the first great Andean empire. Bolivians still speak the languages of the Aymara kingdoms and of their Quechua conquerors; the society remains predominantly Indian and rural, and only a minority is monolingual in Spanish. However, Spain also left its imprint in the political, economic, and social spheres. Right through 300 years of colonial rule, Spain imposed its institutions at the colony and concentrated on mineral exports, which might be still the backbone of the Bolivian economy. The use of forced Indian labor, local entrepreneurs extracted the mineral wealth–the silver deposits at Potosí were the largest in the Western world–and shipped it to Spain in accord with the prevailing mercantilist practices. After Bolivia received independence from Spain in 1825, political instability became endemic. Rivalries among caudillos resulted in a large number of coups and countercoups. In spite of attempts at reform by the nation’s first three presidents, the economy did not get well from the disruptions caused by the wars of independence; taxes paid by the Indians were the primary sources of source of revenue for the governments

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