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Those Who Belong: Identity, Family, Blood, and Citizenship among the White Earth Anishinaabeg (American Indian Studies)

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Description

Despite the central role blood quantum played in political formations of American Indian identity within the overdue nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there are few studies that explore how tribal nations have contended with this alteration of tribal citizenship. Those Who Belong explores how White Earth Anishinaabeg understood identity and blood quantum within the early twentieth century, the way it was once employed and manipulated by the U.S. government, the way it came to be the only real requirement for tribal citizenship in 1961, and how a latest effort for constitutional reform sought a go back to citizenship criteria rooted in Anishinaabe kinship, replacing the blood quantum criteria with lineal descent. Those Who Belong illustrates the ways through which Anishinaabeg of White Earth negotiated multifaceted identities, both before and after the introduction of blood quantum as a marker of identity and because the sole requirement for tribal citizenship. Doerfler’s research reveals that Anishinaabe leaders resisted blood quantum as a tribal citizenship requirement for decades before acquiescing to federal pressure. Constitutional reform efforts within the twenty-first century brought new life to this longstanding debate and led to the adoption of a new constitution, which requires lineal descent for citizenship.

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