Agia Varvara-Almyras: An Iron Age Copper Smelting Site in Cyprus

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Description

The Iron Age copper smelting site situated near the Cypriot village Agia Varvara is of particular importance a number of the ancient copper processing places in the Near East because it has revealed spatial in addition to technological aspects of copper production in a hitherto rarely-seen depth of detail. Agia Varvara-Almyras: an Iron Age Copper Smelting Site in Cyprus presents the result of a comprehensive post-excavation analysis of the stratigraphy (part I), also of the geology, metallurgical materials (furnaces, tuyeres), finds (pottery, furnace lining, stone tools), in addition to a synthesis of the copper smelting technology at Agia Varvara-Almyras (part II). The excavation analysis not only specializes in pyrotechnical information from individual furnaces, but also provides a detailed study of the spatial organisation in addition to of the living conditions on the smelting site. An elaborate reconstruction of the features in a 3D model allows the visualisation of formerly-dispersed loci of copper production. Based on this virtual rebuilding of the hillock named Almyras, it becomes clear that archaeometallurgy will have to be unchained, and the idea of an ‘operational chain’ will have to be replaced by a more multidimensional research strategy labelled as an ‘operational web’. The present volume aims to stimulate future excavations which pay attention to the reasons at the back of the exploitation of the riches of the island, in addition to to the needs of the markets where the final product was once very likely to have been appreciated as a strategic commodity, by power players operating on the island in addition to by abnormal people in need of a repair to an on a regular basis commodity which had broken.

Table of Contents

Foreword: Agia Varvara-Almyras, an Exceptional Case Study

Part I – Archaeological Situation, Stratigraphy, and Chronology

1. Introduction

2. Extractive Copper Metallurgy in Cyprus: A Concise Retrospective on Methods and Approaches

3. Archaeological Research in Agia Varvara-Almyras

4. Stratigraphy

5. Age Determination

6. The Features

7. Spatial Organization

8. Conclusions and Outlook

9. Lists

Part II – Materials and Processes

1. Geology and Mineralogy of Agia Varvara-Almyras – by Iphigenia Gavriel

2. Agia Varvara-Almyras Ceramics Report – by Robert Morris

3. Classification of Ore Beneficiation Stone Tools from Agia Varvara–Almyras – by Anne Carey

4. Furnace Lining – by Aleksandra Mistireki

5. Considerations on the Process Drift of Copper Production – by Walter Fasnacht

6. Technology of Copper Smelting at Agia Varvara-Almyras – by Martina Renzi, Myrto Georgakopoulou, Christina Peege, Walter Fasnacht and Thilo Rehren

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